An increased number of women of Latin American origin in the United States with Indigenous American ancestry are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2-) positive breast cancer.
These women have a higher risk of mortality compared to non-Hispanic White women. This is the conclusion from a study supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute and the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas and published in Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR).[1]
“The risk of breast cancer-related mortality varies between different populations, with Latina women having a greater risk of breast cancer-specific mortality than non-Hispanic white women,” said Laura Fejerman, Ph.D., associate professor of medicine at the University of California San Francisco. “Latina women tend to be diagnosed with more aggressive breast cancer subtypes, which may contribute to their greater risk of mortality, among other factors,” Fejerman added.
Subtypes
Breast cancers are classified into subtypes based on the status of hormone receptors and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These receptors respond to factors outside the cell and promote cellular proliferation. Breast cancers that have higher than normal levels of HER2 are referred to as HER2-positive breast cancers and tend to grow more aggressively than some other subtypes. HER2-positive breast cancers are more common in Latina women than in non-Hispanic white women, but the underlying reasons for this remain unclear.
Previous work from Fejerman and colleagues demonstrated that Indigenous American ancestry was associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer. However, the influence of Indigenous American ancestry on different breast cancer subtypes remained unclear.
Columbian patients
A prior study that examined a small cohort of Colombian patients with breast cancer suggested that a higher proportion of Indigenous American ancestry was associated with increased expression of the ERBB2 gene, which encodes HER2. This led Fejerman and colleagues to examine whether IA ancestry may be associated with the risk of HER2-positive breast cancer.
The Peruvian Genetics and Genomics of Breast Cancer study (PEGEN-BC), led by Fejerman and developed in collaboration with Tatiana Vidaurre, MD, Ph.D., at the Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) in Lima, Peru, recruited 1,842 patients.
Participants at INEN were invited to participate in the study if they had received a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during or after the year 2010 and were between the ages of 21 and 79 years.
“Peru is one of the countries in Latin America with extremely high proportions of IA ancestry, which is an understudied genetic component in medical research. The collaboration with Vidaurre from INEN was fundamental for the realization of this study,” Fejerman noted.
In the study, the authors reports results from 1,312 patients who had available genome-wide genotype data. HER2-positive breast cancers accounted for 30% of cases (18% were positive for hormone receptors). On average, participants had approximately 76% Indigenous American ancestry, with 9.8% of patients having greater than 95% Indigenous American ancestry.
Analyses revealed statistically significant differences in the distribution of different breast cancer subtypes among women with different proportions of Indigenous American ancestry. The odds of having a HER2-positive tumor were 1.19 times higher for every 10% increase in Indigenous American ancestry. Conversely, the odds of developing HER2-positive disease decreased with increasing European ancestry.
The observed associations were independent of the participant’s age at diagnosis, level of African ancestry, height, tumor stage at diagnosis, and region of residence. The findings were replicated with smaller cohorts including 616 samples from Mexico and Colombia. The odds of having a HER2-positive tumor in these cohorts was approximately 1.28 times greater for every 10% increase in Indigenous American ancestry (95% CI, 1.07–1.35; P = 0.001)
“The association between Indigenous American ancestry and HER2 status suggests that population-specific variants of Indigenous American origin could be partly contributing to the higher incidence of HER2-positive breast cancer in Latinas,” Fejerman said.
“Our ongoing research aims to identify the specific germline variants that may lead to this association.”
This information could, according to Fejerman, eventually be incorporated into a risk prediction model for Latina women to identify those at high risk for certain subtypes. She further explained that understanding the genetic basis of the observed association could also help researchers understand the biology of the disease, which could eventually lead to new treatments.
“Even though humans are mostly the same, there are differences between populations that affect disease risk and outcome,” Fejerman said.
“This study highlights the importance of studying diverse populations and collaborating with other countries. We need to understand diverse populations so that we may someday be able to provide precision cancer prevention and care to everyone, and not just a subset of the population.”
Study limitation
A limitation of the study is that it did not include healthy controls. Additionally, the lack of certain epidemiological data and information about environmental exposures or lifestyle behaviors precluded the analysis of all possible factors.
Reference
[1] Marker KM, Zavala VA, Vidaurre T, et al. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Is Associated with Indigenous American Ancestry in Latin American Women [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 3]. Cancer Res. 2020;10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3659. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3659
