Cervical Cancer May Increase Risk of Injury During Diagnostic Workup

Women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer participating in cervical cancer screening in Sweden had an increased risk of iatrogenic injuries (as a consequence of medical intervention) and non-iatrogenic injuries (caused by accidents and self-harm) requiring hospitalization.

The result of the study, sponsored by the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, a Karolinska Institutet Senior Researcher Award and Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology Award and by the China Scholarship Council, were published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. [1]

Cancer screening
“Cervical cancer screening is one of the most successful cancer prevention programs which has greatly reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality,” said Qing Shen, Ph.D., corresponding author of the study and researcher in the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.

Incidence
In the United States an estimated 13,800 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed and that 4,290 women will die of the disease. in 2020.[2] These rates have been improving steadily. From 2007 to 2016, incidence rates stabilized in white women but declined by 2.8% per year in African American women. From 2008 to 2017, the death rate decreased by 2.6% per year in African American women but was stable in white women.[2] This improvement has been attributed largely to screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.

“Despite these substantial benefits, our research indicates that women with invasive cervical cancer experienced medical complications and psychological stress during their diagnostic workup, although at a very low level,” Shen added.

Invasive procedures
Previous work conducted by Shen and colleagues demonstrated an increased risk of injuries during the time period before and after a diagnosis of any cancer.

“These injuries were likely a result of invasive procedures and the severe psychological distress experienced during the clinical evaluation of a potential cancer,” Shen explained.

“Whether there is a similar increase in risk among patients screened for cervical cancer, when an organized cancer screening program was largely accessible, was unknown,” she furher noted.

Identification
Using data from the Swedish Total Population Register, the researchers identified over 3 million women who participated in cervical cancer screening during 2001-2012. Cross-linkage with multiple Swedish registries allowed for the identification of women within this cohort who received a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer, cervical cancer precursor lesions, or had a normal smear during follow-up.

The final cohort included roughly 1.85 million women with a normal smear, roughly 22,000 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, roughly 21,000 women with CIN2, roughly 37,000 with CIN3/adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and roughly 5,000 women with invasive cervical cancer.

The researchers examined the incidence of injuries during the diagnostic workup of patients who participated in cervical cancer screening. Among women with precursor lesions or cervical cancer, the diagnostic workup was defined as the time interval between the first Pap smear or punch biopsy until surgical treatment, or two months after the last smear or punch biopsy, if not treated surgically. Among women with normal smear results, the diagnostic workup was defined as the two months following the smear.

Iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic injuries
The researchers calculated incidence rates of both iatrogenic injuries and non-iatrogenic injuries that occurred during the diagnostic workup. Iatrogenic injuries, which were mostly related to receipt of a punch biopsy, and which required at least two days of hospitalization, were included in this analysis.

Non-iatrogenic injuries, which included accidents and intentional self-harm, and which required at least one day of hospitalization, were included. Incidence rate ratios for injuries that occurred during the diagnostic workup, which were calculated by comparing women with a diagnosis of cervical cancer or its precursor lesions with women with a normal smear, were adjusted for age, calendar period, screening adherence, education, income, and marital status.

Compared with women with a normal smear, women with a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer had eight times the incidence of iatrogenic injuries, and women with CIN3/AIS had three times the incidence of iatrogenic injuries. Women with CIN1-2 did not have a significantly increased rate of iatrogenic injuries compared with women with a normal smear.

“Women with invasive cancer can have greater vascularity due to tumor growth, which can lead to hemorrhage and hematoma following a biopsy,” Shen explained.

Increased risk
Compared with women with a normal smear, women with a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer had about twice the incidence of non-iatrogenic injuries. Women with CIN1-2, CIN3, or AIS did not have a significantly increased rate of non-iatrogenic injuries compared with women with a normal smear. The most common type of non-iatrogenic injuries were unintentional falls, Shen said.

“An increase in non-iatrogenic injuries points to high levels of psychological distress in relation to receiving a diagnosis of cervical cancer,” Shen said.,

“This study for the first time systematically examined the risks of injuries during the cervical diagnostic workup. Although the chance of having such injuries was rare, we found an increased risk of inpatient care for iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic injuries for women with invasive cervical cancer. It is important to emphasize, however, that cervical cancer screening is greatly beneficial for the early detection of cancer and is largely safe,” Shen concluded.

Study limiotations
‘Limitations of the study include a lack of information on non-surgical treatments among women with invasive cervical cancer, such as palliative care, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, which could have potential implications for injuries.

Further, because the authors only included iatrogenic injuries that required at least two days of inpatient care, only the more severe forms of these injuries were captured in this analysis.

Reference
[1] Shen Q, Lu D, Andrae B, Schelin MEC, Sjölander A, Cao Y, Sparén P, Fang F. Risk of Injuries around Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer and Its Precursor Lesions: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev October 21 2020 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0673 [Article]
[2] American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2020. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2020. Online. Last accessed on October 21, 2020.

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