There are virtually no effective screening tools for the early detection of ovarian cancer in women at average population risk of getting the disease. But researchers have now tested a promising new screening approach for post-menopausal women at average risk of ovarian cancer. The strategy uses a mathematical model that combines trends in CA-125 blood test results and a patient’s age, followed by transvaginal ultrasound and referral to a gynecologic oncologist, if necessary. The researchers found that this approach is feasible and produces very few false-positive results.
?More than 70% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed when they have already grown to an advanced stage, so identifying a reliable screening test for early-stage disease would be like finding the Holy Grail,” said lead author Karen Lu, MD, professor of gynecologic oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
?This study is one step forward in that direction. If confirmed in larger studies, this approach could be a useful and relatively inexpensive tool for detecting ovarian cancer in its early, more curable stages, including the types of ovarian cancer that biologically are the most aggressive.?
While women at high risk of ovarian cancer may undergo more frequent screening or take other measures to reduce their risk, there are currently no screening tools for women at average risk of this disease. CA-125 is a protein that has been known for years to rise during ovarian cancer development, but because it can become elevated in response to other factors, it is not specific for ovarian cancer.
In this study, the researchers evaluated a ?Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm? (ROCA) – which is based on a patient’s age and trends in CA-125 blood test results over time – followed by transvaginal sonography (TVS) in women with rising CA-125 levels, and, when needed, referral to a gynecologic oncologist to determine if surgery was necessary.
Study results
The study included 3,238 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 74 with no significant family history of breast or ovarian cancer who were followed for up to eight years. Ovarian cancer most commonly occurs in women over 50, and CA-125 is a more sensitive marker of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.
Cumulatively 85 women (2.6%) received TVS and referral to a Gynecologic Oncologists. Eight women subsequently underwent surgery based on the TVS and referral, with 3 invasive ovarian cancers, 2 borderline ovarian tumors and 3 benign ovarian tumors, providing a positive predictive value of 37.5% (95% CI 8.5%,75.5%).The combined specificity of ROCA followed by TVS for referral to surgery is 99.7% (95% CI 99.5%, 99.9%).
The invasive high grade ovarian cancers that were detected using the new screening strategy were early stage (two Stage 1C and Stage IIB). The patients with invasive ovarian cancer had at least 3 years with low risk, annual CA-125 values prior to a rising CA-125.
On an annual basis, less than 1% of the women required TVS. Eight women underwent surgery based on the ROCA results, three of whom had invasive but early-stage ovarian cancers (two had borderline ovarian tumors and three had benign ovarian tumors). The specificity of ROCA followed by TVS for referral to surgery was 99.7%, indicating that very few false-positives resulted from this approach.
In this prospective, single arm study, the ROCA followed by TVS demonstrated excellent specificity and PPV in a population of U.S. women at average risk for ovarian cancer. The study provides early evidence that ROCA followed by TVS is a feasible strategy for screening women over 50 years of age.
Other Studies
A large-scale study of ROCA is under way in the United Kingdom in more than 200,000 women; the results are expected in 2015. If the algorithm is validated, CA-125 testing could be recommended as part of a woman’s annual check-up with a physician.
Oral Abstract Session: Gynecologic Cancer
Lead author: Karen Lu, MD The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Presentation: Sunday, June 6, 2010, 9:30-9:45 AM CDT, E Arie Crown Theater
Abstract: 5003
Title: A prospective U.S. ovarian cancer screening study using the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA).
Authors: K. H. Lu, S. Skates, T. B. Bevers, W. Newland, R. G. Moore, L. Leeds, S. Harris, O. W. Adeyinka, H. A. Fritsche, R. C. Bast.
