Secondary cancers form when cells break away from the primary tumor, travel through the body via either the blood or the lymphatics system and nestle in a new site. Researchers from scientists at the University of Illinois, supported by the National Institutes of Health, shows that cancer cells that break away from the primary tumor generally prefer to settle into a soft bed.
Some particularly enterprising cancer cells can cause a cancer to spread to other organs, called metastasis. Cells can also evade treatment and resurface after a patient is thought to be in remission. The Illinois team, along with colleagues in China, found that these so-called tumor-repopulating cells may lurk quietly in stiffer cellular environments, but thrive in a softer space. The results were published in the August 6, 2014 edition of Nature Communications.
…properties of dormancy and reawakening [when] the mechanical environment [is] more inviting … may explains why soft tissues, [including] brain or lungs, are most vulnerable to metastasis…
“What causes relapse is not clear,” said study leader Ning Wang ScD. Wang is the Leonard C. and Mary Lou Hoeft Professor in Engineering and professor of mechanical science and engineering of the U. of I. “Why are there a few cells left that can come back stronger? We thought cancer cells may have some properties in common with stem cells, which allows them to metastasize to different tissues. Normally, if you take a liver cell and put it in your lung, it will die. But an undifferentiated cell will live.”
Tumor-repopulating cells
Two years ago, Wang’s group published a method for selecting tumor-repopulating cells or TRCs from a culture. Thanks to this selection method, the researchers isolated and studied TRCs from melanoma, an aggressive skin cancer notorious for spreading and recurring, to see how the mechanical environment around the cells affected their ability to multiply and cause new tumors.
Soft of Firm
The researchers grew the cells on gels of different stiffnesses ? some very soft and some more firm, to mimic different types of tissues in the body. What they found surprised them. The TRCs placed in very soft gels grew and multiplied, as expected. The cells placed on stiffer gels did not proliferate; however, they did not die, either ? they became dormant. When the researchers later transferred the dormant TRCs to a soft gel, the cells “woke up” and began to multiply and spread.
Dormancy and reawakening
Wang speculates that these properties of dormancy and reawakening when the mechanical environment is more inviting may explain why soft tissues, such as the brain or lungs, are most vulnerable to metastasis. “We have many different types of organs where solid tumors originate, but if you look at the metastasized sites, the majority are in soft tissues,” said Wang. “Brain, lung, liver and bone marrow, all soft. So it may not be coincidence. We need to do more research.”
Next, Wang and colleagues hope to tackle the question of what makes TRCs so resistant to drugs, a trait that makes recurrent cancer much harder to treat. Unlocking this puzzle may help doctors fight recurrent cancer, although Wang hopes that understanding how TRCs work can lead to treatments that prevent metastasis in the first place. “The key issue in this paper is outlining the mechanisms that control how TRCs proliferate,” Wang said. “The importance of knowing these mechanisms is that we now have targets that we didn’t have before, specific targets for new types of drugs that will interfere with this renewal pathway. It could give us a new avenue for treatment and preventing relapse.”
For more information:
[1] Tan Y, Tajik A, Chen J, Jia Q, Chowdhury F, Wang L, Chen J, et al. Matrix softness regulates plasticity of tumour-repopulating cells via H3K9 demethylation and Sox2 expression. Nat Commun. 2014 Aug 6;5:4619. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5619.[Article][PubMed]
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