Blood cultures, a laboratory test for detecting the presence of bacteria in samples of a patient’s blood, are widely used by acute care hospitals to find infections as early as possible, identify their cause and guide appropriate treatment, particularly with antibiotics.
Contamination of blood cultures may yield false positives or inaccurate diagnoses of bacterial infections and, in turn, may lead to unnecessary antibiotic exposure and prolonged length of hospitalization.
Traditionally, U.S. health care facilities strive to limit contamination — in accordance with the recommendation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) — to less than 3% of all blood cultures done, with an optimal goal of 1% or less. Those metrics could be inaccurately measured, reports a multicenter research team led by Johns Hopkins Medicine, because there is not a standard definition of what constitutes contamination in a blood culture.
In a recent U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded study (CDC Prevention Epicenters Program grant), the team assessed how U.S. hospitals define blood culture contamination (BCC) and the effect of multiple BCC definitions on determining BCC rates, the percentage of cultures that are incorrectly tagged as positive because of contaminants.
The researchers surveyed 52 U.S. acute care hospitals in 19 states and the District of Columbia, analyzing more than 360,000 blood cultures collected over a two-year period, between September 1, 2019, through August 31, 2021.
The findings from the study are published in the August issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology. [1]
“We did our study out of concern that with varying definitions for blood culture contamination across the country, some hospitals may rely on a definition that makes it appear they’re getting BCC rates within desired levels when in fact, they are actually higher than recommended targets and, therefore, potentially unsafe,” noted study lead author Valeria Fabre, MD., associate professor of medicine in infectious diseases at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Associate Medical Director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and an Associate Hospital Epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
The researchers found that of the 52 hospitals surveyed, 65.4% used criteria from the CLSI or the College of American Pathologists (CAP) to define BCC, while 17.3% each used locally defined criteria or the CAP/CLSI criteria accompanied by the comprehensive list of nonpathogenic skin surface microorganisms (known as skin commensals) from the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).
Around 50% of the hospitals targeted a BCC threshold of less than 3%.
Once the researchers determined there was a wide variance of BCC definitions among hospitals, they looked to see what, if any, impact it made on assessing BCC rates. They also evaluated how BCC rates compared with other blood culture quality indicators.
“Our survey results yielded an overall BCC rate using the CAP criteria of 1.38% in cultures done from patients in intensive care units and 0.96% from those in hospital wards,” Fabre said.
“The question is, are those rates truly accurate?”
In fact, Fabre says, the BCC rates were higher when the NHSN commensal list of microorganisms was considered.
“The mean CAP-BCC rate using the NHSN list was 1.49% for the ICUs and 1.09% for the wards, indicating that using the list of skin commensals along with the criteria would more accurately reflect real BC rates,” she explains.
“Hospitals,” Fabre noted, “also may track other measures of blood culture quality such as the number of blood culture bottles collected (four bottles being the recommendation for adult patients to ensure optimal bacterial detection) and blood culture positivity (the percentage of cultures that actually contain bacterial pathogens).”
Fabre further noted that “Low positivity may be due to insufficient volume of blood per culture bottle, an insufficient number of bottles used or overtesting of a patient who would not benefit from having a culture done.”
“We learned that only a minority of the hospitals we surveyed monitor these metrics,” Fabre explained. “Hence, this represents an important opportunity to improve the diagnosis of bloodstream infections.”
The researchers also evaluated how specific patient outcomes — such as central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and use of antibiotics — related to BCC.
“BCC was commonly associated with increased CLABSIs, with a 9% increase in CLABSIs for every 1% increase in the BCC rate,” Fabre said.
Improvement
Based on the study findings, the researchers say that how BCC is defined greatly matters for hospitals wanting to design, develop and establish quality improvement measures to address its potentially negative impacts.
“We found variation in how hospitals define BCC, and that lack of standardization could dangerously stack the odds toward blood cultures incorrectly appearing to stay within appropriate contamination levels,” says Fabre.
“In fact, we showed that BCC rates are frequently above target levels, so more research is needed to create effective strategies to deal with the problem,” Fabre concluded.
Reference
[1] Fabre V, Hsu Y-J, Carroll KC, Milstone AM, Salinas AB, Abbo LM, Bower C, Berry J, Boyd S, Degnan KO, Dhaubhadel P, Diekema DJ, Dress M, Feeser B, Fisher M, Flynn C, Ford BA, Gettler EB, Glasser LJ, Howard-Anderson J, Johnson JK, Karaba SM, Kim JJ, Kubischta A, Landrum BM, Martinez M, Mathers AJ, Mermel L, Moehring RW, O’Horo JC, Pepe DE, Qasba SS, Rittmann B, Robinson ED, Rodríguez-Nava G, Rosa R, Ryder JH, Salinas JL, Shah A, Schrank GM, Shelly M, Spivak ES, Stewart KO, Talbot TR, Van Schooneveld TC, Wasylyshyn A, Gadala A, Virk Z, Cosgrove SE. Multicenter evaluation of blood culture contamination and blood cultures practices in US acute care hospitals: time for standardization. J Clin Microbiol. 2025 Aug 13;63(8):e0053025. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00530-25. Epub 2025 Jul 11. PMID: 40643261; PMCID: PMC12345234.
Featured image: A federally funded Johns Hopkins Medicine-led multicenter study suggests that standardizing what defines blood culture contamination could increase accuracy of diagnoses, optimize treatments, avoid unnecessary medications and improve patient outcomes. Vials of Blood. Vials of blood taken in the course of patient care at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Test tubes. Blood test. Photo courtesy © 2017 – 2025 National Institute of Health / Creator/Daniel Sone. Used with permission
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