Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) that are mutation-free in the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes showed significant benefit from continuing anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy beyond progression following first-line chemotherapy and an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, according to study results presented today at the ESMO17th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancerin Barcelona, Spain. [1]
Professor Fortunato Ciardiello from Seconda Universit? degli Studi di Napoli, Italy, presented results from the CAPRI-Goim study on the efficacy of cetuximab plus FOLFOX chemotherapy as second-line treatment for patients with mCRC that progressed following FOLFIRI chemotherapy and cetuximab.
Standard treatment
Cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy is a standard treatment for mCRC with KRAS and NRAS (?all RAS?) wild-type tumors. To date, no data are available on the role of continuing anti-EGFR therapy beyond progression after first line therapy with chemotherapyplus anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody.
CAPRI-GOIM is the first study to evaluate cetuximab as second line beyond progression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in a randomised phase II study…. the results suggest tumors with multiple wild-type KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes are likely to benefit from chemotherapy plus cetuximab and to demonstrate significantly better progression-free survival, response rate and overall survival than with chemotherapy alone….
Academic study
CAPRI-GOIM is a non-profit, academic, phase II trial enrolling 340 patients with mCRC and KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumours, according to local molecular pathology laboratory assessment. All patients received standard first-line treatment of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, as previously reported [2]
Following first-line treatment, patients experiencing disease progression were randomised 1:1 to receive second-line treatment of FOLFOX plus cetuximab (Arm A; n= 74) or sole FOLFOX (Arm B; n=79). The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS) and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), response rate and safety.
?We are presenting final results for PFS, response rate and OS from the second part of the CAPRI study, which evaluated the so-called ?beyond progression? concept,? Ciardiello noted.
Analysis of these data in the overall intent to treat population showed an advantage in PFS favouring arm A that did not reach statistical significance; Median PFS was 6.4 months in the FOLFOX plus cetuximab arm A compared to 4.5 months in the FOLFOX arm B (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81; 95% CI 0.58, 1.12; log-rank test, p = 0.19).
?We therefore looked for patient characteristics that would account for this result; next generation sequencing (NGS) of the genes of interest was performed on the archival tissue samples from the patients? primary tumours,? Ciardiellofurther explained.
The investigators used the Ion AmpliSeqTM Colon and Lung cancer panel, comprising 500 hotspot mutations in 22 genes, and Ion Reporter? Software, as previously described (Ciardiello et al, Annals of Oncology 2014; Normanno et al., Annals of Oncology 2015). NGS was possible in 117 (76.5%) patients and revealed that 66 patients had ?all RAS? wild-type tumours with no mutations in KRAS; NRAS; BRAF; or PIK3CA genes and 51 patients had tumours harbouring a mutation in at least one of these genes. KRAS exon 2 mutations were found in approximately 15% of the tumours that were originally identified as wild-type.
Two distinct patient populations detected
?The most important thing we found was that when we considered patients regarding the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes we could have two patient populations: one that was multiple wild-type and normal for all 4 genes and another of patients that were mutated in at least one of these genes. In the patients with at least one mutation in one of these genes, there was a detrimental effect from FOLFOX plus cetuximab in progression-free survival, response rate and overall survival,? Ciardiello commented.
Whereas the mutation free, quadruple wild-type population showed significantly prolonged PFS, and improved OS and response rates with second-line cetuximab/FOLFOX, this treatment had the opposite effect upon patients with genetic mutations in the EGFR pathway. Cetuximab/FOLFOX demonstrated significantly longer PFS in patients with quadruple wild-type tumours, while the median PFS in arm A was nearly half that of arm B shorter in patients with a mutation in any of the 4 EGFR-dependant genes.
?An Important finding from this study is those patients with tumours which were multiple wild type –that means no mutation in the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes, were most likely to be EGFR-dependent; in fact, these patients had significantly better progression-free survival when treated with cetuximab and chemotherapy than when treated with chemotherapy alone, hazard ratio 0.56, which was significant (p = 0.025). Response rate was also improved, as was overall survival, HR 0.57 (p = 0.056),? said Ciardiello.
Professor Andr?s Cervantes, Biomedical Research Institute, INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Spain, ESMO spokesperson, not involved in the study, commented: ?This is a new understanding of how to treat a select group of patients that are wild-type for the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes who can be treated with the same anti-EGFR antibody and a change in chemotherapy following progression. In the intent to treat analysis there is no benefit from this treatment, however the patients showing no mutation do benefit from this approach.?
?This is a new finding, that these patients can have an advantage from re-challenge with the same antibody,? Cervantes remarked.
Conclusions
?CAPRI is the first study to evaluate cetuximab as second line beyond progression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in a randomised phase 2 study. Results suggest tumours with multiple wild-type KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes are likely to benefit from chemotherapy plus cetuximab and to demonstrate significantly better progression-free survival, response rate and overall survival than with chemotherapy alone,? commented Ciardiello. ?A word of caution, though, these results generate a very important signal that deserves to be further explored in a larger, randomized, phase 3 study, that continuing anti-EGFR treatment while switching the chemotherapy backbone in second line is feasible past progression and by identifying patients whose tumor is EGFR dependent; that by identifying wild-type status for KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes, also identifies patients responsive to this treatment,? he continued.
References
[1] Ciardiello F, Normanno N, Martinelli E, Troiani T, Cardone C, Nappi A, Rachiglio AM, et al. Cetuximab beyond progression in RAS wild type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): the CAPRI-GOIM randomized phase II study of FOLFOX versus FOLFOX plus cetuximab.Abstract LBA-09. This abstract was presented by Professor Fortunato Ciardiello during Session XIX: Metastatic Colorectal cancer on Saturday 4 July, 9:30, AM.
[2] Ciardiello F, Normanno N, Maiello E, Martinelli E, Troiani T, Pisconti S, Giuliani F, et al. Clinical activity of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab according to extended gene mutation status by next-generation sequencing: findings from the CAPRI-GOIM trial. Ann Oncol. 2014 Sep;25(9):1756-61. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu230. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
Last editorial review: July 3, 2015
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