Data presented at the 2013 annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) held in Washington, D.C., April 6-10, 2013, shows the effect of increased physical activity on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. The data generated new insights into the ways in which physical activity affects how much estrogen is broken down and secreted in the urine. These findings enhance understanding of the potential biological mechanisms linking increased physical activity and decreased risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
The study used direct measures of physical activity and comprehensive analysis of urinary estrogen levels. Previous studies have suggested that increased physical activity may reduce the risk for breast cancer among postmenopausal women, and that this might be a result of physical activity lowering endogenous estrogen levels, according to Cher Dallal, Ph.D., a National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer prevention fellow. However, only a few studies have evaluated the influence of physical activity on the breakdown of estrogens in postmenopausal women. This breakdown process, called estrogen metabolism, results in a variety of molecules known as metabolites.
Estrogen metabolites
?This is the first study to consider the relationship between accelerometer-measured activity and a panel of estrogen metabolites measured in urine,? said Dallal. ?We hoped by using direct measures to examine this relationship that we could improve our knowledge of how these factors may influence cancer risk among postmenopausal women.?
Dallal and colleagues studied 540 healthy, postmenopausal women who were enrolled in the NCI Polish Breast Cancer Study, conducted from 2000 to 2003 in two major cities in Poland, Warsaw and Lodz. The overall objective of the trial was to assess urinary estrogen metabolites in relation to accelerometer-based measures of active and sedentary behavior.
None of the women were taking menopausal hormone therapy. The investigators measured physical activity by accelerometer, which is a small device that women wore on their waists during waking hours for seven days (Actigraph 7165). According to Dallal, accelerometers provide objective readings of physical activity compared with participants? self-reports, which have been the predominant measure in previous studies.
Multiple urinary estrogens
Women also provided a 12-hour urine sample. The researchers tested the samples for estradiol and estrone, two ?parent? estrogens, plus 13 different estrogen metabolites using a new assay developed by the NCI. According to Dallal, this novel assay can detect multiple urinary estrogens, compared with those used in previous studies that only measured one or two metabolites individually.
The researchers found that increased physical activity was associated with lower levels of parent estrogens. In addition, higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower levels of four specific estrogen metabolites. Dallal cautions, however, that further research on estrogen metabolism will be needed to understand how these metabolites play a role in mediating breast cancer risk.
?By using these new tools to study the relationship between activity and estrogen metabolism, we hope to get closer to uncovering the combination of parent estrogens, metabolites and metabolism pathways that are related to a lower-risk profile of breast cancer,? Dallal explained.
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